理解Docker(1):Docker安装和基础用法详细介绍

2025-05-27 0 50

docker是一个用了一种新颖方式实现的超轻量虚拟机,在实现的原理和应用上还是和vm有巨大差别,专业的叫法是应用容器(application container)。(我个人还是喜欢称虚拟机)

1. 安装

1.1 在 ubuntu 14.04 上安装 docker

前提要求:

内核版本必须是3.10或者以上

依次执行下面的步骤:

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sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install apt-transport-https ca-certificates

sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://p80.pool.sks-keyservers.net:80 --recv-keys 58118e89f3a912897c070adbf76221572c52609d

编辑 /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list 文件,添加 deb https://apt.dockerproject.org/repo ubuntu-trusty main

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get purge lxc-docker

apt-cache policy docker-engine

apt-get upgrade

sudo apt-get install linux-image-extra-$(uname -r) linux-image-extra-virtual

sudo apt-get install docker-engine

至此,安装过程完成。

运行 sudo service docker start 启动 docker 守护进程。

运行 docker version 查看 docker 版本

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root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker --version

docker version 1.12.1, build 23cf638

启动第一个容器:

启动第一个docker 容器 docker run hello-world

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root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker run hello-world

hello from docker!

this message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.

它的运行成功也表明前面的安装步骤都运行正确了。

以上内容参考自 docker 官网:https://docs.docker.com/engine/installation/linux/ubuntulinux/

1.2 docker 到目前(2016/09/16)为止的版本历史
理解Docker(1):Docker安装和基础用法详细介绍

2. docker 的基本操作

2.1 docker 容器的状态机理解Docker(1):Docker安装和基础用法详细介绍

一个容器在某个时刻可能处于以下几种状态之一:

  • created:已经被创建 (使用 docker ps -a 命令可以列出)但是还没有被启动 (使用 docker ps 命令还无法列出)
  • running:运行中
  • paused:容器的进程被暂停了
  • restarting:容器的进程正在重启过程中
  • exited:上图中的 stopped 状态,表示容器之前运行过但是现在处于停止状态(要区别于 created 状态,它是指一个新创出的尚未运行过的容器)。可以通过 start 命令使其重新进入 running 状态
  • destroyed:容器被删除了,再也不存在了

你可以在 docker inspect 命令的输出中查看其详细状态:

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"state": {

"status": "running",

"running": true,

"paused": false,

"restarting": false,

"oomkilled": false,

"dead": false,

"pid": 4597,

"exitcode": 0,

"error": "",

"startedat": "2016-09-16t08:09:34.53403504z",

"finishedat": "2016-09-16t08:06:44.365106765z"

}

2.2 docker 命令概述

我们可以把docker 的命令大概地分类如下:

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镜像操作:

build build an image from a dockerfile

commit create a new image from a container's changes

images list images

load load an image from a tar archive or stdin

pull pull an image or a repository from a registry

push push an image or a repository to a registry

rmi remove one or more images

search search the docker hub for images

tag tag an image into a repository

save save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to stdout by default)

history 显示某镜像的历史

inspect 获取镜像的详细信息

容器及其中应用的生命周期操作:

create create a new container (创建一个容器)

kill kill one or more running containers

inspect return low-level information on a container, image or task

pause pause all processes within one or more containers

ps list containers

rm remove one or more containers (删除一个或者多个容器)

rename rename a container

restart restart a container

run run a command in a new container (创建并启动一个容器)

start start one or more stopped containers (启动一个处于停止状态的容器)

stats display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics (显示容器实时的资源消耗信息)

stop stop one or more running containers (停止一个处于运行状态的容器)

top display the running processes of a container

unpause unpause all processes within one or more containers

update update configuration of one or more containers

wait block until a container stops, then print its exit code

attach attach to a running container

exec run a command in a running container

port list port mappings or a specific mapping for the container

logs 获取容器的日志

容器文件系统操作:

cp copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem

diff inspect changes on a container's filesystem

export export a container's filesystem as a tar archive

import import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image

docker registry 操作:

login log in to a docker registry.

logout log out from a docker registry.

volume 操作

volume manage docker volumes

网络操作

network manage docker networks

swarm 相关操作

swarm manage docker swarm

service manage docker services

node manage docker swarm nodes

系统操作:

version show the docker version information

events get real time events from the server (持续返回docker 事件)

info display system-wide information (显示docker 主机系统范围内的信息)

比较有意思的几个命令:

(1)容器从生到死整个生命周期

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root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker create --name web31 training/webapp python app.py #创建名字为 web31 的容器

7465f4cb7c49555af32929bd1bc4213f5e72643c0116450e495b71c7ec128502

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.state.status}}' web31 #其状态为 created

created

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker start web31 #启动容器

web31

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.state.status}}' web31 #其状态为 running

running

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker pause web31 #暂停容器

web31

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.state.status}}' web31

paused

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker unpause web31 #继续容器

web31

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.state.status}}' web31

running

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker rename web31 newweb31 #重命名

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.state.status}}' newweb31

running

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker top newweb31 #在容器中运行 top 命令

uid pid ppid c stime tty time cmd

root 5009 4979 0 16:28 ? 00:00:00 python app.py

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker logs newweb31 #获取容器的日志

* running on http://0.0.0.0:5000/ (press ctrl+c to quit)

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker stop newweb31 #停止容器

newweb31

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.state.status}}' newweb31

exited

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker rm newweb31 #删除容器

newweb31

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.state.status}}' newweb31

error: no such image, container or task: newweb31

(2) docker stop 和 docker kill

在docker stop 命令执行的时候,会先向容器中pid为1的进程发送系统信号 sigterm,然后等待容器中的应用程序终止执行,如果等待时间达到设定的超时时间(默认为 10秒,用户可以指定特定超时时长),会继续发送sigkill的系统信号强行kill掉进程。在容器中的应用程序,可以选择忽略和不处理sigterm信号,不过一旦达到超时时间,程序就会被系统强行kill掉,因为sigkill信号是直接发往系统内核的,应用程序没有机会去处理它。

比如运行 docker stop web5 -t 20 命令后:

2016-09-16t16:01:18.206540853+08:00 container kill b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (image=training/webapp, name=web5, signal=15)
2016-09-16t16:01:38.212352224+08:00 container kill b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (image=training/webapp, name=web5, signal=9)
2016-09-16t16:01:38.235021315+08:00 container die b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (exitcode=137, image=training/webapp, name=web5)

能看到:

  1. 首先 docker 向容器发出 sigterm 信号(signal=15)
  2. 等待20秒 (01:18 到 01:38)
  3. 再发送 sigkill 系统信号 (signal = 9)
  4. 然后容器被杀掉了 (die)

而 docker kill 命令会直接发出sigkill的系统信号,以强行终止容器中程序的运行。运行 docker kill web5 命令后:

2016-09-16t16:06:44.351086471+08:00 container kill b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (image=training/webapp, name=web5, signal=9)
2016-09-16t16:06:44.365116100+08:00 container die b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (exitcode=137, image=training/webapp, name=web5)
可见直接发出的是 sigkill 信号,容器立马就被杀掉了。

(3)使用 docker cp 在 host 和 container 之间拷贝文件或者目录

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root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker cp /home/sammy/mydockerbuild/dockerfile web5:/webapp #从 host 拷贝文件到 container 里面

root@devstack:/home/sammy#

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker cp web5:/webapp/dockerfile /home/sammy/dockerfile #从 container 里面拷贝文件到 host 上

root@devstack:/home/sammy# ls /home/sammy

chroot devstack dockerfile mongodbdocker mydockerbuild webapp

(4)docker export 和 import

docker export:将一个容器的文件系统打包为一个压缩文件

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root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker export web5 -o ./web5

root@devstack:/home/sammy# ls

chroot devstack dockerfile mongodbdocker mydockerbuild web5 webapp

docker import:从一个压缩文件创建一个镜像

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root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker import web5 web5img -m "imported on 0916"

sha256:745bb258be0a69a517367667646148bb2f662565bb3d222b50c0c22e5274a926

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker history web5img

image created created by size comment

745bb258be0a 6 seconds ago 324 mb imported on 0916

2.3 docker run 命令

docker run 命令会创建一个容器并启动它,它也是包含很多的参数,按照用途将它们分类如下:

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cgroups 和 namespace 相关:

--blkio-weight value block io (relative weight), between 10 and 1000

--blkio-weight-device value block io weight (relative device weight) (default [])

--cgroup-parent string optional parent cgroup for the container

--cpu-percent int cpu percent (windows only)

--cpu-period int limit cpu cfs (completely fair scheduler) period

--cpu-quota int limit cpu cfs (completely fair scheduler) quota

-c, --cpu-shares int cpu shares (relative weight)

--cpuset-cpus string cpus in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)

--cpuset-mems string mems in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)

--device-read-bps value limit read rate (bytes per second) from a device (default [])

--device-read-iops value limit read rate (io per second) from a device (default [])

--device-write-bps value limit write rate (bytes per second) to a device (default [])

--device-write-iops value limit write rate (io per second) to a device (default [])

--ipc string ipc namespace to use

-m, --memory string memory limit

--memory-reservation string memory soft limit

--memory-swap string swap limit equal to memory plus swap: '-1' to enable unlimited swap

--memory-swappiness int tune container memory swappiness (0 to 100) (default -1)

--kernel-memory string kernel memory limit

-u, --user string username or uid (format: <name|uid>[:<group|gid>])

--userns string user namespace to use

--uts string uts namespace to use

-h, --hostname string container host name

--pid string pid namespace to use

--pids-limit int tune container pids limit (set -1 for unlimited)

--isolation string container isolation technology

--io-maxbandwidth string maximum io bandwidth limit for the system drive (windows only)

--io-maxiops uint maximum iops limit for the system drive (windows only)

linux process capabilities 相关参数:

--cap-add value add linux capabilities (default [])

--cap-drop value drop linux capabilities (default [])

容器运行模式和环境相关:

-d, --detach run container in background and print container id

-e, --env value set environment variables (default [])

--env-file value read in a file of environment variables (default [])

dns 相关:

--dns value set custom dns servers (default [])

--dns-opt value set dns options (default [])

--dns-search value set custom dns search domains (default [])

健康检查相关:

--health-cmd string command to run to check health

--health-interval duration time between running the check

--health-retries int consecutive failures needed to report unhealthy

--health-timeout duration maximum time to allow one check to run

--no-healthcheck disable any container-specified healthcheck

ip 和端口:

--ip string container ipv4 address (e.g. 172.30.100.104)

--ip6 string container ipv6 address (e.g. 2001:db8::33)

-p, --publish value publish a container's port(s) to the host (default [])

-p, --publish-all publish all exposed ports to random ports

--expose value expose a port or a range of ports (default [])

--mac-address string container mac address (e.g. 92:d0:c6:0a:29:33)

--add-host value add a custom host-to-ip mapping (host:ip) (default [])

volume 相关:

-v, --volume value bind mount a volume (default [])

--volume-driver string optional volume driver for the container

--volumes-from value mount volumes from the specified container(s) (default [])

--storage-opt value storage driver options for the container (default [])

network 有关:

--network string connect a container to a network (default "default")

--network-alias value add network-scoped alias for the container (default [])

--link value add link to another container (default [])

--link-local-ip value container ipv4/ipv6 link-local addresses (default [])

日志有关:

--log-driver string logging driver for the container

--log-opt value log driver options (default [])

交互性有关:

-a, --attach value attach to stdin, stdout or stderr (default [])

-i, --interactive keep stdin open even if not attached

oom 有关:

--oom-kill-disable disable oom killer

--oom-score-adj int tune host's oom preferences (-1000 to 1000)

其它(待更进一步分类):

--cidfile string write the container id to the file

--detach-keys string override the key sequence for detaching a container

--device value add a host device to the container (default [])

--disable-content-trust skip image verification (default true)

--entrypoint string overwrite the default entrypoint of the image

--group-add value add additional groups to join (default [])

--help print usage

-l, --label value set meta data on a container (default [])

--label-file value read in a line delimited file of labels (default [])

--name string assign a name to the container

--privileged give extended privileges to this container

--read-only mount the container's root filesystem as read only

--restart string restart policy to apply when a container exits (default "no")

--rm automatically remove the container when it exits

--runtime string runtime to use for this container

--security-opt value security options (default [])

--shm-size string size of /dev/shm, default value is 64mb

--sig-proxy proxy received signals to the process (default true)

--stop-signal string signal to stop a container, sigterm by default (default "sigterm")

--sysctl value sysctl options (default map[])

--tmpfs value mount a tmpfs directory (default [])

-t, --tty allocate a pseudo-tty

--ulimit value ulimit options (default [])

-w, --workdir string working directory inside the container

具体的内容以后会有专门文件分析。

3. doker 平台的基本构成理解Docker(1):Docker安装和基础用法详细介绍
docker 平台基本上由三部分组成:

  • 客户端:用户使用 docker 提供的工具(cli 以及 api 等)来构建,上传镜像并发布命令来创建和启动容器
  • docker 主机:从 docker registry 上下载镜像并启动容器
  • docker registry:docker 镜像仓库,用于保存镜像,并提供镜像上传和下载

后面的文章会具体分析。

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